Modernity and Literature Essay

contemporaryity by itself-importance is a precise(prenominal) abstract apprehension which basis be associated with entirely new experiences in recital. It is largely temporal because what is neo today is the old or obsolete tomorrow. modernism is said to be a logic of negation because it tends to give importance to the present over the past, and at the said(prenominal) cadence in like manner fr withstand gots over the present with respect to the future.From a purely historical perspective however, the ships company which evolved in Europe afterwards the French R phylogeny of 1789 can be termed as new in so untold(prenominal) so that there is a label carryment or break in the way of conceiveing, living and enterprise amidst the societies after and before the French Revolution. The evolution of the ripe society was non a process that happened overnight. The roots of the raw society and its gradual evolution can be traced back to the first base of the eighteen th century.In detail the stream from that headland in history to the French Revolution is termed as the period of intellectual prescience when there was a radical trans take in in philosophy, science, politics, arts and culture. It was on these new forms of hunch forwardledge that the foundation of the modern society or modernness was based. Defining the Traditional Many scholars start tried to analyze the prefatory or instinctive nature of valet race race beings in attempts to track back how modernity could have affected the shopping centre individual.In his book Leviathan, Hobbes deduced that in an environment uninfluenced by slushy systems or in a state of nature human beings would be war akin and violent, and their lives would consequently be solitary, poor, brutish and short. Rousseau however contradicts Hobbes. He claims that humans ar essenti anyy benevolent by nature. He rememberd in the noble savage or the concept that devoid of civilization human beings a re essenti wholey peaceful and egalitarian and live in agreement with the environment an vagary associated with Romanticism. humane beings have however lived in communities and put forward societies since the very early ages. In what is now known as the antiquated valet or the land of classical pagan antiquity regular(prenominal) of the societies of Greece and Rome, the concept of the new or change was absent. Time, like the seasons, was supposed to lead in cyclical order, repeating itself with regularity steering wheel after cycle with nonentity new or changed to break away from the established order. The quite a little were steeped in more superstitious and religious beliefs which ruled al nearly every aspect of their lives.Christianity brought about changes in the belief systems of the ancient world. Christianity postulated that time was linear, that it began from the take over of Jesus Christ and would end with the apocalypse and the second feeler of Jesus. This w as a linear concept of time that moved in a orderly line and not in a cycle that kept coming back to the same point. The Foundations of Modernity It was during the Enlightenment period that the Christian concepts of time and history were secularized to give way to the modern access to change and progress. in that location were many other basic changes during the Enlightenment. The key psyches which formed the basis of the sagacity period were liberty and emancipation, progress and the improvement of history and universalism. The breeding of scientific knowledge gave rise to religious skepticism. People were no longer ordain to submit rusely to the dictates of ordained religion. In other words they succeed emancipation from the shackles of religion that had governed almost exclusively aspects of their lives. This emancipation led to autonomy of the individual.Individuals began to decide for themselves instead submitting to an outdoor(a) authority much(prenominal) as relig ion. The full(a) deal now decided by themselves what kind of authority, rules and regulation would be good for them, and such authority must be born(p) and not supernatural. Enlightenment encouraged criticism. Enlightenment thinkers did not hold anything sacred and freely criticized, questioned, examined and challenged all dogmas and institutions in their look for for s frequentlyment or progress. Thinkers such as Voltaire defended fountain and rationalism a developst institutionalized superstition and tyranny.The belief that there could and should be a change for the better came to be a prominent causaistic of modernity. The decisive attitude of enlightenment thinker to contemporary mixer and governmental institutions pave the way for scientific studies of political and affable studies and subsequent evolution of better forms of such institutions. The scientific revolution during the period, culminating in the work of Isaac Newton, presented a very practical and objective study of the natural world to people at large, and science came to be regarded very highly.Scientific inquiry was gradually increase to cover new hearty, political and cultural areas. Such studies were oriented somewhat the cause-and-effect approach of naturalism. Control of prejudice was also deemed to be essential to make them value free. Enlightenment thinking emphasized the importance of reason and cause in organization and maturation of knowledge. The gradual development of the scientific genius with a paradigm change from the qualitative to the quantitative is also very evident in Europe of the time.People came to believe that they could better their own lot through a more scientific and rational approach to everything. The concept of universalism which advocated that reason and science were applicable to all theater of operationss of canvas and that science laws, in special(a), were universal, also grew roots during the period. People began to believe in change, de velopment and progress all basic tenets of modernity as we know it today. Autonomy to decide for their own good, gave the people the right to choose the form of authority that could lead them as a society or fraternity towards a better future and progress.This opened the doors to the emergence of states with separate and de jure defined spheres of jurisdiction. Thus we find that modernity represents a transformation philosophical, scientific, social, political and cultural at a definite time in history at a definite spatial location. This transformation also represents a continuum up to the present in so much so that its basic principles are inherent in the societies and nations of today. The period of enlightenment can be seen as one of transition from the traditional to the modern forms of society, from an age of sieve beliefs to a new age of reason and rational.Different Perspectives on development of Modernity Different political and philosophical thinkers have however re al different, and sometimes contradicting, theories of the development of modernity. Friedrich Hegel and Karl Marx are two of the leading thinkers whose theories run recurrence to each other. For Hegel, the development of modernity was a dialectical process which was governed by the increasing self-consciousness of what he termed as the collective human learning ability or spirit. agree to Hegel, the dialectic process of development of the judging comprised triad stages, with two initially contradicting positions synthesizing into a third base reconciled position. humane beings live what Hegel called an Ethical Life or in a social environment anatomyd by customs and traditions. This ethical life has three stages the first is the family, which is dissolved in due course, the second is the civil society that a person builds up as a result of his social int periodctions beyond the family and greater relations, and finally the third stage of the state which Hegel defines as the hi ghest form of social reason.For Hegel therefore, the formation of the modern state is the mark of modernity when human beings achieve the ultimate stage of social populace. Hegel believed as individuals or families, human beings are too selfish and self-centered co-exist in consistency and work for development. It is the state that is able to integrate the contradictions of different individuals, and not market forces. Since the state by itself is composed of political institutions, Hegels theory equates the development of the modern state or modern political institutions with modernity.Marx took a only opposing view, when he asserted that material forces drive history. For him the state by itself is not an ideal entity for the integration of human beings into a cohesive substantial for their development as a nation or a society. According to him it is the material forces comprising social and economic forces that drive history towards modernity. People engage in production for their flirt withs of subsistence, they bind together and form states for the pastime of production. Different forms of productions create different class relations.It is to maximize production and gain the maximum realizes and advantages that people bond together in different classes in the form of the modern state. The different ways in which production is nonionised give rise to complex forms of social organization because a particular mode of production is an entire way of life for the people who are involved in it. For Marx social existence is not consciously dictated by human beings, rather, it is the other way round their social existence determines their consciousness.When there are contradictions among productive forces and the social relationships of production, class troth arises. For Marx, therefore, modernity is defined by the state of social existence. Marx acknowledges that capitalism has been the most productive mode of production, and it contains the most em f for the realization of human license. This very dynamic characteristic of capitalism is born out of its destructiveness for all traditional social constraints such as religion, nation, family, sex, etc.But it is the same destructiveness and creativeness that creates the experience of modernity in Capitalism. This vital association between capitalism and modernity from none less that Marx himself establishes that the capitalism that evolved after the period of enlightenment in Europe has been acknowledged as the modern era of the period of modernity by Marx. Marx however states that capitalism is exploitative, and because it is exploitative, its full potential cannot be harnessed for the benefit of all.He therefore advocates communism which is a system of planned and conscious production by men and women of their won free will. This brings us to the question whether humanity has already passed through a stage of history that has been termed as modernity, and has moved on to the p ostmodern era (Mitchell, 2009). Another important point is regarding the placing of modernity. Modernity is understood to be a process that began and ended in Europe, and was afterwards exported to other parts of the world. Thinkers like Marx tend to differ.He saw Capitalism emerge as a rosy dawn not in England or the Netherlands but in the production trade and finance of the colonial system (Marx, 1967). Therefore, though the concept of modernity can be defined in various ways, it unimpeachably refers to the process of evolution of the human mind and the society to a point where people were able to come together for their own advantage and benefit and work for unceasing development under a collectively formalize authority such as the nation state.It can also be state with a original degree of assertiveness that the period from the beginning of the Eighteenth vitamin C to the French Revolution in 1789 actually marked the period of active development of modernity in Europe. The concepts that were nurtured during the period wear fruit immediately afterwards in Europe and the West and later spread to the rest of the world. The world has continued since on very much the same basic principles but with far more advanced technologies and skipper social, economic and political approaches.Influence of Modernity on Literature Modernity had a profound influence on lit. As people began to think differently, they also began to write differently. The modernist ideas of religious emancipation, autonomy, reliance on reason, rationality and science, and on development and progress began to find expression in the writings that veritable even during the period of enlightenment and thereafter. This new form of lit came to be known as the Modernist Literature.Modernist literature tended to vent expression to the tendencies of modernity. Modernist literature, as also modernist art, took up cudgels against the old system of blind beliefs. Centering around the idea of indivi dualism or the individual mind, modernist literature displayed mistrust of established institutions such as conventional forms of autocratic government and religion. It also tended not to believe in any absolute truths.Simmel (1903) gives an overview of the thematic concerns of Modernist Literature when he states that, The deepest problems of modern life derive from the claim of the individual to pre shell out the autonomy and laissez faire of his existence in the face of overwhelming social forces, of historical heritage, of external culture, and of the technique of life. Examples from two Greats A few examples of Modernist literature will serve to make its characteristics more clear.Rene Descartes (1596 1650) is considered to be one of the early enlightenment thinkers whose literary works opened the avenues to the modern era. Known as the founder of modern philosophy and the father of modern math, Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician and scientist whose influence has served to shape the beginnings of Modernist literature. In his renowned work, The cover on Method, he presents the equally famous quotation cogito ergo sum or I think, therefore I am, which about sums up the very principle of the basis of the modern era.I detect that, whilst I thus wished to think that all was false, it was abruptly necessary that I, who thus thought, should be somewhat and as I observed that this truth, I think, therefore I am (COGITO ERGO SUM), was so certain and of such evidence that no ground of precariousness, however extravagant, could be alleged by the sceptics capable of shaking it, I concluded that I might, without scruple, accede it as the first principle of the philosophy of which I was in face (Descartes, 1637).In this work, Descartes drew on ancients such as Sextus Emiricus to revive the idea of skepticism, and reached a truth that he found to be undeniable. Descartes started his line of abstract thought by doubting everything, so as to ass ess the world from a fresh perspective, clear of any preconceived notions. In other words, he rejected mans reliance on Gods revealed word, placing his own intellect on a higher plain (McCarter, 2006). David Hume (1711 1776) was a philosopher, economist and historian from Scotland, and was considered a notable personality both in western philosophy and of the Scottish Enlightenment movement.In his works, he had a way of projecting the errors of scepticism and naturalism, thus carving out a way for secular humanism. In his most famous work, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, Hume asserts that all human knowledge is imbibed through our senses. He argues that unless the stock from which the impression of a certain entity is conveyed to our senses is identified, that entity cannot exist. The logic would nullify the existence of God, a soul or a self. By the term impression, then, I mean all our more frothy perceptions, when we hear, or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desir e, or will.And impressions are distinguished from ideas, which are the less lively perceptions, of which we are conscious, when we reflect on any of those sensations or movements above mentioned It seems a proposition, which will not admit of much dispute, that all our ideas are nothing but copies of our impressions, or, in other words, that it is impossible for us to think of anything, which we have not antecedently felt, either by our external or informal senses (Dover Philosophical Classics, 2004) In the same work Hume also postulates two kinds of human reason out Relation of Ideas and Matters of Fact.The former involves abstract concepts such as of mathematics where deductive faculty is required, and the later is about empirical experiences which are inducive in nature. This postulate has come to be known as Humes Fork. Hume, along with his contemporaries of the Scottish Enlightenment, also proposed that the basis for principles of morals is to be sought in the utility that t hey tend to serve. This shows the quizzical nature of modernist literature not only of religious but also of moral and social norms and values. A very visible influence of modernity is therefore seen in the works of Hume.Present-day Modernist Literature If modernity influenced literature, it also used literature to shift from a philosophical and supposed domain into the practical lives of people. Modernity could infiltrate into the lives of people through literary works that defined and reiterated the authoritative new modes of classification. Old literary forms with traditional meanings attached to them were reworked, allowing readers to modify or contravene the older meanings. This opening-up process allowed readers to glean new meanings that modified or contravened the older ones.In the course of these changes, words, forms, and institutions altered their meaning in British life they, and the practices they comprised, referred differently. modifying reference potential in lite rature provide back into how readers responded to changes in life (Rothstein, 2007) In art and literature, many critics view modernism as a new trend in the field of art and literature, defined basically by stylistic and structural variations. They would not accept the fact that modernism, it is basic approach, was the principles of modernity rendered plausible in literature and art.Modernity has always tried to hold up the world in new perspectives. Similarly, modernist literature opens up the world in all its forms theoretical, philosophical, aesthetical and political for fresh scrutiny. Even in its present form, modernist literature attempts to break the objective world of the realist. Modernist writing takes the reader into a world of unfamiliarity, a deep introspection, a cognitive thought-provoking experience, skepticism of religion, and desolation to culture, technology, and innovation (Melton, 2010).Modernist literature exhibits a fascination with the workings of the mi nd, and how reality is reflected by the mind. The questioning of life, with or without the presence of God, is another trademark of the philosophical and theoretical moorings of modernist literature. Charles Darwins work challenges God as the Creator and presents the process of natural selection in the survival of life. This led to modernist literature of time travel, of questioning the existence of individuals and the purpose of the universe. modernness brought about a new nudity in the areas of feminism, bisexuality, the family, and the mind. In the world of today, modernist literature still display much of the characteristics of the times in which it first took shape. A very important prow of modernist literature today is a feeling of being alone in the world a feeling stemming from estrangement or alienation. Characters are often presented as being depressed or angry. A second putting green trait is that of being in doubt.It may be disbelief in religion, in happiness, or sim ply a lack of purpose and doubt in the value of human life. Finally, a third theme that is rife is a search for the truth (Foster, 2010). Then there is a third theme in which the alienated character is always in the search for truth and seeks answers to a plethora of questions relating to human subjectivity. In all these characteristics are to be found the same questioning nature, the same denouncement of blind beliefs and the same dependence on reason and rationality that the Eighteenth Century enlightenment thinkers had pursued.The character is alienated and estranged because he or she questions all that is deemed not right by his or her own mind the character questions the beliefs of religion and other institutions which are not based on reasoning and finally the character seeks answers and the truth. Modernist literature encompasses the thematic fingerprints of a rebellious, questioning, disbelieving, meditative, and confident case of form, which was conceived out of a change i n the belief of humanity, the mind, a God, and the self brought on by the shift from capitalism to an ever-increasing society of revolutionary changes (Melton, 2010).References Descartes, R. , 1637, The Discourse on Methods. Dover Philosophical Classics, 2004, David Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, Dover Publications Inc. Foster, J. , 2010, Modernism in Literature and History, for sale http//www. helium. com/items/743749-modernism-in-literature-and-history Karl Marx, 1967, Capital A Critique of political Economy, 3 vols. , New York International Publishers, 1703. McCarter, J. , P. , 2006, Literature of the Modern Era, The Puritans folk School Curriculum.Melton, L. , 2010, Modernism in Literature and History, Available http//www. helium. com/items/809291-modernism-in-literature-and-history Mitchell, T. , 2000, The Stage of Modernity, Available http//www. ram-wan. net/restrepo/modernidad/the%20stage%20of%20modernity-mitchell. pdf Rothstein, E. , 2007, Gleaning Modern ity, Earlier Eighteenth Century Literature and the Modernizing Process, Rosemont Publishing and printing process Corp. , Associated University Presses. Simmel, G. , 1093, The Metropolis and Mental Life.